Fundamentals of power plant

 

POWER PLANT

1) The whole world is in the grip of energy crisis and the pollution manifesting itself in the spiraling cost of energy and uncomforted due to increase in pollution as well as the depletion of conventional energy resources and increasing curve of pollution elements.

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2)To meet these challenges one way is to check growing energy demand but that would show down the economic growth as first step and to develop non-polluting energy conversion system as second step.

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3) It is commonly accepted that the standard of living increases with increasing energy consumption per capita. Any consideration of energy requirement and supply has to take into account the increase conservation measures.

4) On the industrial font, emphasis must be placed on the increased with constant effort to reduce energy consumption. Fundamental changes in the process, production and services can affect considerable energy saving without affecting the overall economy.

 5) It need not be over emphasized that in house hold commercial and industrial use of energy has considerable scope in energy saving.

 6) Attempt at understanding the integrated relationship between environment and energy have given shape due to development of R-134a, (an non pollutant refrainment) to emerging descaling of environmental management.

7) The depletion of these resources often tends to be irreversible since bulk of our population depends on these natural resources. Depletion of these natural resources such as fuel, fodder, and housing power plant;

CONCEPT OF POWER PLANTA

1)power plant is assembly of systems or subsystems to generate electricity, i.e., power.

with economy and requirements. The power plant itself must be useful economically and environmental friendly to the society.

2) The present book is oriented to conventional as well as non-conventional energy generation. While the stress is on energy efficient system regards conventional power systems viz., to increase the system conversion efficiency the supreme goal is to develop, design.

3) manufacturer the non-conventional power generating systems in coming decades preferably after 2050 AD which are conducive to society as well as having feasible energy conversion efficiency and non-friendly to pollution, keeping in view the pollution act.

4) The subject as a whole can be also stated as modern power plants for power bioelectricity generation in 21st century. The word modern means pertaining to time.

ENERGY

1) Energy is the capacity for doing work, generating heat, and emitting light. The

equation for work is the force, which is the mass time the gravity times the

distance.

2)Heat is the ability to change the temperature of an object or phase of a substance. For example, heat changes a solid into a liquid or a liquid into vapour.

3)Heat is part of the definition of energy. Another part of the definition of

energy is radiation, which is the light and energy emitted in the form of waves

traveling at the speed of light.

4)Energy is measured in units of calorie, quad, and joule. A kilocalorie is the amount of energy or heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of

water from 14.5"C to 15.5"C.

5)The quad unit is used to measure energy needed for big countries. The final

measurement of energy is joules.

6)Energy is an essential input for economic development and improving

quality of life. Pakistan's per capita consumption of Commercial Energy (viz.,

coal, petroleum and electricity) is only one-eighth of the Global Average and

will increase with growth in Gross Domestic Production (GDP) and improvementin standard of living.

7)Commercial Energy accounts for a little over half of the total energy used in

the Country, the rest coming from non-commercial resources like cow-dung, fuel wood and agricultural waste.

8) Though the share of these non-commercial sources has been coming down, consumption has increased almost double since 1953.

TYPES OF ENERGY

1) There are various types of energy which, they include nuclear, electric thermal, chemical, and radiant energy.

2)In agravitational potential energy and kinetic energy

that combines to produce mechanical energy.

NUCLEAR ENERGY

1) Nuclear energy produces heat by fission on nuclei, which is generated by

heat engines. 

2)Nuclear energy is the world's largest source of emission-free energy.

3)There are two processes in Nuclear energy fission and fusion. In fission,

the nuclei of uranium or plutonium atoms are split with the release of energy. In fusion, energy is released when small nuclei combine or fuse.

4)The fission process is used in all present nuclear power plants, because fusion cannot be controlled. Nuclear energy is used to heat steam

engines.

5)A Nuclear power plant is a steam engine using uranium as its fuel, and it suffers from low efficiency.

THERMAL ENERGY

 Thermal energy is kinetic and potential energy, but it is associated with

the random motion of atoms in an object.

 The kinetic and potential energy associated with this random microscopic motion is called thermal energy. A great amount of thermal energy (heat) is stored in the world's oceans.

 Each day, the oceans absorb enough heat from the sun to equal the

energy contained in 250 billion barrels of oil (Ocean Thermal Energy

Conversion Systems).

CHEMICAL ENERGY

Chemical energy is a form of energy that comes from chemical

reactions, in which the chemical reaction is a process of oxidation.

Potential energy is released when a chemical reaction occurs, which is

called chemical energy. A car battery is a good example, because the

chemical reaction produces voltage and current to start the car.

When a plant goes through a process of photosynthesis, what the plant

is left with more chemical energy than the water and carbon dioxide.

Chemical energy is used in science labs to make medicine and to product power from gas.

 RADIANT ENERGY

Radiant energy exists in a range of wavelengths that extends from

radio waves that many be thousands of meters long to gamma rays

with wavelengths as short as a million-millionth (10-12) of a meter.

Radiant energy is converted to chemical energy by the process of

photosynthesis.

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY

The term energy is motivated by the fact that potential energy and kinetic energy are different aspects of the same thing, mechanical energy.

Potential energy exists whenever an object which has mass has a position within a force field.

The potential energy of an object in this case is given by the relation.

PE = mgh, where PE is energy in joules, m is the mass of the object, g is

the gravitational acceleration, and h is the height of the object goes.

KINETIC ENERGY

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. An object in motion, whether it be vertical

or horizontal motion, has kinetic energy.

There are different forms of kinetic energy vibrational, which is the energydue to vibrational motion, rotational, which is the energy due to rotational motion,

and transnational, which is the energy due to motion from one location to the other.

The equation for kinetic energy is %mv2, where m is the mass and v is the velocity.This equation shows that the kinetic energy of an object is directly proportional tothe square of its speed.

        POWER

Power is the rate doing work, which equals energy per time.

Energy is thus required to produce power.

We need energy to run power plants to generate electricity.

We need power to run our appliances, and heat our homes.

Without energy we would not have electricity.

The units of power are watts, joules per second, and horsepower, where;

Watt = 1 joule per second 

1 Kilowatt = 1,000 Watts

1 Megawatt = 1,000 kilowatts = 1 horsepower

PUBLISHED BY SCIENCE TUBE, SEPTEMBER 08, 2020